An entrepreneurial ecosystem is a self-organized, adaptive, geographically limited community composed of complex agents operating at multiple and cumulative levels whose non-linear interactions lead to patterns of activities through which new ventures emerge. The present research aims to explain the factors that influence the creation of an entrepreneurship ecosystem in less privileged rural areas of Asad Abad in Hamedan province, Iran using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique. Out of the rural entrepreneurship experts and scholars, 15 people were selected purposefully for a semi-structured interview. Based on the content analysis using the ISM technique, the factors underpinning the creation of an entrepreneurship ecosystem in the less privileged areas were determined and leveled. Based on the results, the creation of entrepreneurial ecosystems in less privileged areas requires the availability and implementation of macro-governance factors, individual-behavioral factors, supportive factors, sociocultural factors, financing, human capital, market, and regional capacity. The results reveal that the macro-governance factors are the most important and effective factors in developing entrepreneurial ecosystems in less privileged regions. Financing and regional capacity are the second-most important factors involved in creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem (as a representative of society) in less privileged areas.

Introduction: The maintenance of specialized physicians in deprived and less developed areas is of great importance so that if their maintenance is not considered, it will cause problems in the health of the community. Methods: The present study was a qualitative study. Participants in the study included 20 experts, physicians and health managers in less developed provinces and disadvantaged areas who were selected by snowball sampling and invited for interviews. Grounded theory method was used to analyze the data and all data including the results of theoretical foundations, upstream documents and interviews were coded and classified. Results: The final model consisted of three organizational, environmental and individual factors of retention of specialist physicians in disadvantaged and underdeveloped areas. After analyzing the upstream documents, interviews and open coding and selective coding in the upstream documents section, the two main categories include physicians' welfare and social and psychological support of physicians, and in the interview section, the eight main categories include; Facilities needed by specialized physicians in deprived areas (10 concepts), problems in maintaining specialized physicians in deprived areas (18 concepts), positive results in maintaining specialized physicians in deprived areas (11 concepts), negative results, lack of specialized physicians in deprived areas (12 concepts), Motivational conditions for keeping specialized physicians in deprived areas (13 concepts), strategies for keeping specialized physicians in deprived areas (12 concepts), factors of reluctance of specialized physicians in deprived areas (15 concepts) and the current situation of specialized physicians in deprived areas (9 concepts) Extracted and placed in the model. Conclusions: Three organizational, environmental and individual factors are effective in retaining specialist physicians in deprived and less developed areas. Accordingly, decision-makers can plan according to the identified factors in order to improve the maintenance conditions and provide the required manpower in deprived areas.

Objective(s): The maintenance of medical specialists in deprived areas is of great importance. This study aimed to identify a retention model for medical specialists in deprived areas. Methods: The was a descriptive study. Participants in the study included a sample of specialist physicians in less developed provinces and disadvantaged areas in Iran. They were selected by random cluster sampling. The questionnaire was prepared using theoretical foundations, upstream documents and interviews with experts, which included 8 indicators on the retention of specialists in deprived areas. Structural equation and factor analysis were used to analyze the data in SPSS software version 25 and AMOS. Results: In all 209 female specialists and 175 male specialists from 21 provinces and 37 cities were studied. The mean age of study participants was 34. 8 years. The average scores for job characteristics, payment system, welfare facilities, job facilities, work environment, rules and regulations, personality traits and job motivation were equal to 4. 20, 4. 66, 4. 38, 4. 49, 4. 69, 3. 86, 4. 15, 4. 18, respectively. The results of confirmatory factor analysis of the components showed proper fit for the data. Also, the effect of all factors on the retention of physicians in the regions was significant (P<0. 05) and among these, job characteristics had the greatest effect among other factors. Conclusions: Three organizational, environmental and individual factors and 8 factors of job characteristics, job facilities, job motivation, work environment, laws, welfare facilities, personality traits and payment system were effective in keeping specialized physicians in deprived and less developed areas, respectively. The findings might help decision-makers and health care authorities to improve the maintenance conditions and provide the required manpower in deprived areas.

In order to improve the quality of women's personal, professional and family lives while addressing financial concerns, it is essential to consider the improvement of women's working conditions from multiple perspectives. In this regard, the research objective was to investigate the impact of working background conditions on the economic welfare of women employed in handicrafts in less developed rural areas. The statistical population includes all female workers in less developed rural areas of Iran in 2025 who are employed in handicrafts sector. The sampling method used was random cluster with a total of 380 samples selected according to Morgan's table. In order to collect the required data, a questionnaire prepared by the researcher was used, which included two sections to assess economic welfare and working background conditions. The results of the study systematically show that the dimensions of "unbiased behavior in work”, "balance between work and life”, and "social support" have the most significant impact on the economic welfare of women engaged in handicrafts. The findings of this study underscore the necessity of implementing targeted support policies to enhance equitable organizational practices, fortify work-life balance, and broaden social support networks as pivotal strategies for enhancing the economic welfare of rural women.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to study the impact of public libraries on the cultural development of less developed areas and urban margin of Bam city. Research Method: The research method is descriptive and causal research method. The statistical population of this research is members of public libraries of less developed areas and urban margins of Bam city, according to statistics obtained from Kerman Public Libraries General Directorate, the total population of libraries are 3631 persons. Based on Morgan table 180 persons are selected by cluster random sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire included two-point Likert- type cultural development indices. The coefficient alpha of the questionnaires was 0.86. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS 23 software was used for data analysis.Conclusion: Based on the obtained results and considering the calculated significance level (p = 0.05), it was found that there is a significant difference between cultural and art education items, cultural identity, generalization of library culture and per capita increase. The study of cultural exchanges over the middle has shown the impact of the public libraries of less developed areas and the urban margins of Bam on cultural development properties. Given the values found, members of the public libraries underestimate the generalization of reading culture, so the need for further study and the attention of experts and planners to make better decisions in the institution has been felt. The mean values for cultural identity items also indicated that members of public libraries found it more effective to enhance cultural identity than other items.

Considering the importance of financial development in reducing inequality based on the economic literature, importance of income distribution and fair division of resource and facilities between various social groups and elimination of inequality in Iran’ s provinces, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and income distribution in Iran’ s provinces, based on the dynamic panel models and using Generalized Method of Moment(GMM) estimator in the time period of 2006-2015. The underlying provinces are divided into three groups as developed, less developed and undeveloped based on the index of Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade. The results indicate that there is a negative and linear relationship between financial development and inequality in all groups of provinces, so it can be said that the higher level of financial development reduces inequality. It should be noted that the impact of financial development on reducing inequality in provinces has an inverse relationship with their development level, so that this effect in undeveloped provinces is more than two other groups. On the other hand, results show that there are not enough evidences supporting the non-linear inverted U-shaped hypothesis between financial development and inequality in Iran’ s provinces in the period of study.

Background: Female labor supply has been changed dramatically in the recent yr. In this study, we examined the ef-fects of development on the relationship between fertility and female labor supply.Methods: We used data of population and housing census of Iran and estimated three separate models. To do this we employed Logistic Regressions (BLR).Results: The estimation results of our study showed that there was a negative relationship between fertility rate and female labor supply and there are some differences for this relationship in three models.Conclusion: When fertility rate increases, FLS would decreases. In addition, for higher fertility rates, the woman might be forced to work more because of the economic conditions of her family; and negative coefficients of the fer-tility rate effects on FLS would increase with a diminishing rate.

The major objective of this research was developing a quality promoting model for girls' education in the less-developed rural areas. Accordingly, if the submitted model could result in qualitative education in less-developed areas, it could be used as a basis to develop other models. For this purpose, major issues of Rask girls' education was determined on the basis of Pareto Chart and an instructional model and package was designed based on that. The research question was: "What is the impact of the developed quality promoting model on girls' school achievement and their school absenteeism in less-developed rural areas?" The target population of the research was elementary school girls of Rask-Sistan-o-Baluchistan Province. The research sample consisted of 866 students who were selected through simple random sampling technique, after analyzing educational indicators. Then, the sample was divided into experimental and control groups. The independent variable was the developed quality promoting model that was designed on the basis of participative and cooperative teaching methods and it was implemented in 2008-2009 academic year on the experimental group. At the end of the academic year, the effects of this independent variable on dependent variables, i.e., courses scores, ability to communicate, affective attitude toward school and also their rate of school absenteeism was examined The results showed significant differences between experimental and control groups. So, we could conclude that all of the hypotheses were confirmed. In other words, the developed quality promoting model has been effective in increasing girls' courses scores, communication skills, and affective attitude toward school. Also, it led to their decreasing rate of school absenteeism.